This joint report from NEPC and the Beyond Test Scores Project seeks to outline what a more effective and equitable approach to assessment of student learning and accountability for schools and districts might look like. Drawing together roughly two dozen leading scholars, it sets forth a policy agenda for the next reauthorization of ESEA. At the same time—in light of the lengthy delay in reauthorization that is likely to occur—it considers how local and state leaders might leverage some of the underutilized flexibility available under ESSA.