Publisher: Teachers College Record, 106 (10)
Page Numbers: 1989-2014

The authors concentrate on two structural issues, school size and school overcrowding, and one specific school structure, schools-within-schools. The article is organized as an interpretive summary of existing studies of these topics, concentrating on how these structural issues relate to social stratification in student outcomes, particularly academic achievement. Following an exploration of research evidence, the authors propose reforms associated with high achievement and achievement that is equitably distributed by race, ethnicity, class, or family origin.